Flowing electrolyte battery with electric potential neutralization

ABSTRACT

Flowing electrolyte batteries capable of being selectively neutralized chemically; processes of selectively neutralizing flowing electrolyte batteries chemically; and processes of selectively restoring the electrical potential of flowing electrolyte batteries are disclosed herein.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application claims benefit of priority to provisional U.S.Patent Application No. 60/648,156, filed Jan. 28, 2005 and titled“Methods and Apparatus for Electric Potential Neutralization in aFlowing Electrolyte Battery”, which is incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND

Batteries are used for a wide variety of industrial applications. Forexample, buildings containing lead acid batteries are placed throughoutour countryside and within our urban areas for electrical energystorage, and these batteries are used to keep telephones, cable TV, andInternet data centers functional when power is otherwise lost. The mostwidely used batteries for industrial applications are the classic leadacid battery, which are available as flooded cell or valve regulated.Each of these batteries uses the same basic chemistry; plates of leadand lead oxide are contained in an electrolyte of sulfuric acid. Batteryterminals are connected to these plates immersed in electrolyte.

Flowing electrolyte batteries have two electrolytes, anolyte andcatholyte, that are circulating and separated by a membrane. In the caseof zinc bromine flowing electrolyte battery, zinc is plated out duringcharge and consequently frees up bromide ions that diffuse across themembrane. In this case, the anolyte becomes increasingly zinc depletedand the catholyte becomes increasingly bromine rich. An electricalpotential develops across this membrane due to the presence of metal onone side of the membrane, such as zinc, and a catholyte on the otherside of the membrane. The catholyte is rich in cation concentration suchas bromide.

In the event of a fire within a facility containing industrialbatteries, or in the event of a battery malfunction, the batteries maybecome unsafe and the energy that they store may become readilyavailable to the outside world. Fire departments proceed with greatcaution into fires in such facilities because of the danger ofelectrical shock or explosion that may occur in the event of a batteryfailure. Previously, there has not been a way to turn batteries offchemically.

Also, in the event of non-use, a battery can self discharge due toreactant available in the reaction cell. The reactant causes a slowdiffusion through the membrane to slowly discharge the battery.Previously, there has not been a way to neutralize batteries chemicallyto stop this self discharge in times of non-use.

SUMMARY

A battery in which electric potential is quickly neutralized chemicallywould increase safety in situations such as those described above andprevent self discharge in times of non-use. Accordingly, flowingelectrolyte batteries capable of being selectively neutralizedchemically and processes of selectively neutralizing a flowingelectrolyte battery chemically are disclosed herein. A battery of oneembodiment includes first and second electrodes separated by a membrane.One or more valves permit (1) flow of catholyte through the secondelectrode and anolyte through the first electrode such that the batteryhas electrical potential, or alternately (2) flow of anolyte throughboth first and second electrodes such that the battery is chemicallyneutralized.

In an embodiment, a flowing electrolyte battery having an electricpotential that is selectively neutralized chemically is provided. Thebattery includes first and second electrodes separated by a membrane, ananolyte reservoir for housing an anolyte, and a catholyte reservoir forhousing a catholyte. A first pump selectively forces the anolyte fromthe anolyte reservoir through the first electrode, and a second pumpselectively forces the catholyte from the catholyte reservoir throughthe second electrode. Means are included for selectively forcing onlyanolyte from the anolyte reservoir through the second electrode.

In an embodiment, a process of selectively neutralizing a flowingelectrolyte battery chemically is provided. The method includes thesteps of (1) flowing anolyte and catholyte through electrodes of theelectrolyte battery to produce electricity; (2) determining aneutralization event; and (3) flowing only anolyte through theelectrodes to neutralize the battery's electric potential.

In an embodiment, a process of selectively restoring electricalpotential of a flowing electrolyte battery is provided. The methodincludes the steps of (1) determining whether the battery should haveelectrical potential; (2) inhibiting flow of anolyte through one of thebattery's electrodes; and (3) flowing anolyte and catholyte through thebattery to produce electric potential.

In an embodiment, a flowing electrolyte battery having an electricpotential that is selectively neutralized chemically is provided. Thebattery includes first and second electrodes separated by a membrane.One or more valves permit (1) flow of catholyte through the secondelectrode and anolyte through the first electrode such that the batteryhas electrical potential, or alternately (2) flow of anolyte throughboth the first electrode and an electrically neutral fluid through thesecond electrode such that the battery is chemically neutralized.

In an embodiment, a flowing electrolyte battery having an electricpotential that is selectively neutralized chemically is provided. Thebattery includes first and second electrodes separated by a membrane, ananolyte reservoir in communication with a first pump for housing anolyteand supplying the first pump with the anolyte, and a catholyte reservoirfor housing catholyte and supplying the second pump with the catholyte.Piping is included for: connecting the anolyte reservoir to the firstelectrode such that the anolyte flows from the anolyte reservoir to thefirst electrode; connecting the first electrode to the anolyte reservoirsuch that the anolyte flows from the first electrode to the anolytereservoir; connecting the catholyte reservoir to the second electrodesuch that the catholyte flows from the catholyte reservoir to the secondelectrode; and connecting the second electrode to the catholytereservoir such that the catholyte flows from the second electrode to thecatholyte reservoir. Means are included for selectively flowing thecatholyte from the second electrode back to the second electrode withoutfirst entering the catholyte reservoir.

In an embodiment, a process of selectively neutralizing a flowingelectrolyte battery chemically is provided. The method includes thesteps of (1) flowing anolyte and catholyte through electrodes of theelectrolyte battery to produce electricity; (2) determining aneutralization event; and (3) flowing only anolyte and electricallyneutral fluid through the electrodes to neutralize the battery'selectric potential.

In an embodiment, a process of selectively restoring electricalpotential of a flowing electrolyte battery is provided. The methodincludes the steps of (1) determining whether the battery should haveelectrical potential; (2) inhibiting flow of electrically neutral fluidthrough one of the battery's electrodes; and (3) flowing anolyte andcatholyte through the battery to produce electric potential.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 schematically shows a prior art flowing electrolyte battery.

FIG. 2 schematically shows one flowing electrolyte battery with electricpotential neutralization.

FIG. 3 schematically shows another flowing electrolyte battery withelectric potential neutralization.

FIG. 4 schematically shows a valve according to an embodiment.

FIG. 5 schematically shows another flowing electrolyte battery withelectric potential neutralization.

FIG. 6 schematically shows another flowing electrolyte battery withelectric potential neutralization.

FIG. 7 is a flowchart illustrating a process of selectively neutralizinga flowing electrolyte battery chemically and subsequently restoringelectric potential.

FIG. 8 schematically shows another flowing electrolyte battery withelectric potential neutralization.

FIG. 9 schematically shows another flowing electrolyte battery withelectric potential neutralization.

FIG. 10 is a flowchart illustrating another process of selectivelyneutralizing a flowing electrolyte battery chemically and subsequentlyrestoring electric potential.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 shows a typical configuration for a flowing electrolyte battery100. Battery 100 includes bipolar carbon electrodes 101 separated by amembrane 108 that is porous to cations, a catholyte tank 102, and ananolyte tank 103. A pump 104 circulates anolyte and a separate pump 107circulates catholyte. A secondary catholyte 105 may also be included,which in the case of a zinc bromide flowing electrolyte battery 100 is apolybromide complex. A valve 106, e.g., a polybromide complex valve,allows pump 107 to pull polybromide complex 105 from a bottom of a tankduring battery electrical discharge. Battery 100 provides potentialenergy across membrane 108 when catholyte and anolyte pass throughelectrodes 101 on respective sides of membrane 108.

FIG. 2 shows a flowing electrolyte battery 200(1) capable of beingturned off chemically, to provide electric potential neutralization.Battery 200(1) may be a zinc bromine flowing electrolyte battery oranother flow-type battery. An anolyte electrolyte reservoir 201 is influid communication with an anolyte pump 205, and a catholyte reservoir202 is in fluid communication with a catholyte pump 206. With pump 205operating, anolyte flows through a carbon electrode 203, which isseparated from a catholyte electrode 204 by a membrane 209. With pump206 operating, anolyte or catholyte flows through catholyte electrode204, as now described. Piping 210 is appropriately arranged to connectthe various elements, such as shown in FIG. 2, for example. Two valves208, 207 are positioned to direct flow of catholyte or anolyte throughcatholyte electrode 204.

In normal operation, valve 208 only allows catholyte from catholytereservoir 202 through catholyte electrode 204, and valve 207 only allowselectrolyte passing through catholyte electrode 204 to enter catholytereservoir 202. In a neutralized mode, however, valve 208 only allowsanolyte from anolyte reservoir 201 through catholyte electrode 204, andvalve 207 only allows electrolyte passing through catholyte electrode204 to enter anolyte reservoir 201. Battery 200(1) is thus neutralized(“turned off”) chemically when in the neutralized mode. Valves 207 and208 are shown in the neutralized mode in FIG. 2. Valves 207 and 208 maybe made up of individual valves connected together to act in concert;valves 207 and 208 may be check valves or another type of valve.

Provided that there is no break in piping 210 and pumps 205, 206 arefunctional, the electric potential of battery 200(1) returns when valves207 and 208 are returned to the normal position (i.e., so that catholyteflows through electrode 204). In other words, the electrical potentialof battery 200(1) may be brought to zero without removing the charge,and original electric potential may be restored with no appreciable lossof stored energy. This is notable because a battery is typically chargedto a voltage and can only return to zero volts by fully discharging thebattery's electric potential.

FIG. 3 shows a flowing electrolyte battery with electric potentialneutralization 200(2) which includes an additional pump 300 andadditional valves 301, 302 in parallel. Additional pump 300 may be usedto drive electrolyte in a reverse direction (i.e., in a directionopposite arrows 205 a, 206 a shown in FIG. 3) through battery 200(2) inthe event of a failure in a supply side 210 a of piping 210. Normally,electrolyte may be pumped through pumps 205, 206 in the direction ofarrows 205 a, 206 a, respectfully. In the event battery 200(2) is putinto a neutralized mode, however, valves 207, 208 are configured suchthat anolyte (e.g., a zinc depleted electrolyte) may be pumped throughboth electrode 203 and electrode 204 and returned to anolyte reservoir201 as described above.

Normally, valve 301 may be closed, and valve 302 may be open to allowanolyte to flow from electrode 203 (and sometimes from electrode 204 asdescribed above) to anolyte reservoir 201. If pump 300 is an impellerdriven pump rather than a positive displacement pump, valves 301, 302may not be used because such a pump 300 allows anolyte to flow throughpump 300 to anolyte reservoir 201.

If piping 210 a supplying electrolyte from pump 205, pump 205, oranother relevant element fails, making it difficult to displace thefluid in the catholyte side 204 of battery 200(2), pump 300 may beactivated. Upon activation of pump 300, valve 401 may be opened to allowanolyte to flow from anolyte reservoir 201, valve 302 may be closed toprevent electrolyte from flowing around pump 300, and valves 207 and 208may be configured to allow anolyte from anolyte reservoir 201 to flowthrough electrode 204. As a result, electrolyte may flow backwards(i.e., in a way opposite the arrows shown in FIG. 3) through battery200(2).

FIG. 4 shows an exemplary embodiment of valve 208. In this embodiment,valve 208 includes a controller 401, an interface conditioner 402, apower supply 403, first and second valves 404, 404 a, and first andsecond valve actuators 406, 406 a. Controller 401 may be, for example, aprogrammable logic array, a microcontroller or microprocessor, a switch,or a comparator having logic to look for an abnormal data signal (e.g.,an abnormal pressure, voltage, or temperature data signal, or anothersignal indicating the presence of a leak); this abnormal data signal maythus trigger a neutralization event such as described hereinbelow.Controller 401 may be in data communication with a switch 411, apressure sensor 412, a voltmeter 413, a thermometer 414, and/or a leakdetector 415.

Interface conditioner 402 places controller 401 in data communicationwith first and second valve actuators 406, 406 a, such as by supplyingfirst and second valve actuators 406, 406 a with appropriate voltage orcurrent levels. Actuators 406, 406 a communicate with valves 404, 404 a,respectfully, to position valves 404, 404 a in open or closed conditionsin accordance with signals (e.g., particular voltages or currents)received from interface conditioner 402. Valves 404, 404 a may be ballvalves or valves of another type, and when one valve 404, 404 a is open,the other valve 404, 404 a is closed. Power supply 403 may supply powerto any or all of controller 401, interface conditioner 402, first valveactuator 406, and second valve actuator 406 a, for example.

Valves 404, 404 a and actuators 406, 406 a may be standard piping partscapable of being purchased out of a catalog. An exemplary actuator 406,406 a is Asahi America Series 83 Actuator Electromni, and an exemplaryvalve 404, 404 a is a Type 21 ball valve. Valves 404, 404 a may includea non-reactive plastic such as PVDF in the case bromine zinc reactantsare used.

In an exemplary method of use, controller 401 sends first and secondvalve actuators 406, 406 a a “normal” signal via interface conditioner402 to cause valve 404 a to be at an open configuration and valve 404 tobe at a closed configuration. This allows the corresponding battery(e.g., battery 200(1), battery 200(2)) to function in a normal mode ofoperation; catholyte from catholyte reservoir 202 and pipe 408 a thusflows through pipe 409 to electrode 204. When controller 401 detects aneutralization event (e.g., switch 411 being turned off, abnormalpressure, voltage, temperature, or another indication of a leak),controller 401 sends a “neutralize” signal via interface conditioner 402to cause valve 404 a to be at a closed configuration and valve 404 to beat an open configuration. This allows battery 200(1), 200(2) to beturned off chemically as discussed above; anolyte from anolyte reservoir201 and pipe 408 thus flows out of pipe 409 to electrode 204. Ifcontroller 401 later sends another “normal” signal to cause valve 404 ato be at the open configuration and valve 404 to be at the closedconfiguration, the electric potential of the battery is restored; thatis, catholyte from catholyte reservoir 202 and pipe 408 a again flowsthrough pipe 409 to electrode 204.

Switch 411 may be turned off, for example, to prevent self discharge ofbattery 200(1), 200(2) in times of non-use. When battery 200(1), 200(2)is neutralized as discussed above, this self discharge is stoppedbecause the reactants are removed and stored safely away from thereaction site. However, if switch 411 is turned off for this reason, thetime required for restoring the electric potential of battery 200(1),200(2) may be unacceptable if battery 200(1), 200(2) is being used as anuninterruptible (back-up) power supply. In this case, it may bedesirable to neutralize only some batteries 200(1), 200(2) and maintainthe electric potential of other batteries 200(1), 200(2) so that theavailable electric potential is able to temporarily carry the requiredload and power pumps 205, 206 to restore the electric potential ofneutralized batteries 200(1), 200(2).

FIG. 5 shows an embodiment of a flowing electrolyte battery withelectric potential neutralization 200(3); battery 200(3) includes a pump510 and first and second check valves 511, 512 to selectively supplyelectrolyte from anolyte reservoir 201 to electrode 204. Pump 510 issized such that, when turned on, it forces check valve 511 open andcheck valve 512 closed. As shown, pump 510 only pumps electrolyte fromanolyte reservoir 201 in direction 510 a to electrode 204, and checkvalves 511, 512 only permit fluid flow in one direction.

In an exemplary method of use, pump 510 is turned off under normalconditions. When pump 510 is turned off, pressure from pump 206 forcesfluid through valve 512 and forces valve 511 closed. However, if pump510 is energized, anolyte from anolyte reservoir 201 is forced throughvalve 511 and electrode 204, and valve 512 is forced closed. Theelectrical potential of battery 200(3) is thus brought to zero withoutremoving the charge.

As shown in FIG. 5, electrolyte from electrode 204 may enter catholytereservoir 202 regardless of whether the electrolyte is acolyte orcatholyte. Since this will be done for only a short period of time,there will be (at most) only a small amount of anolyte delivered tocatholyte reservoir 202. However, an overflow connector (not shown) maybe included between the anolyte and catholyte reservoirs 201, 202 toprevent a respective reservoir from becoming over-full. The bromide richelectrolyte will thus sink to the bottom of the reservoir, and the toplayer will be compatible with the anolyte. Therefore, overflow from thetop of the reservoir will not force the bromide rich electrolyte intoanolyte reservoir 201.

FIG. 6 shows an embodiment of a flowing electrolyte battery withelectric potential neutralization 200(4) that may function substantiallyas described above in reference to FIG. 5, though without check valve512. Although not shown, the embodiment described in FIG. 5 may alsofunction without check valve 511 and check valve 512. In removing valve511 and/or valve 512, piping and pumps 206, 510 may be configured andsized such that there is no cross-flow; catholyte from reservoir 202 maybe selectively forced through electrode 204; and anolyte from reservoir201 may be selectively forced through electrode 204.

FIG. 7 shows a process 700 of selectively neutralizing a flowingelectrolyte battery chemically and subsequently restoring its electricpotential. In step 701, anolyte and catholyte are flowed through anelectrolyte battery to produce electricity. In an example of step 701,pumps 205, 206 pump anolyte and catholyte through electrodes 203, 204,as shown in FIG. 2. In step 702, a neutralization condition isdetermined. In an example of step 702, as discussed in reference to FIG.4, controller 401 detects an event (e.g., switch 411 is turned off by auser) and/or an abnormal condition (e.g., an abnormal pressure detectedby pressure sensor 412; an abnormal voltage detected by voltmeter 413;an abnormal temperature detected by thermometer 414; and/or anindication of a leak by leak detector 415).

In step 703, only anolyte is flowed through the battery to neutralizethe battery's electric potential. In an example of step 703, valves 207,208 and pump 205 cooperate to introduce only anolyte through electrodes203, 204, as shown in FIG. 2. If valve 208 is substantially as describedin reference to FIG. 4, controller 401 sends a “neutralize” signal viainterface conditioner 402 to cause valve 404 a to be at a closedconfiguration and valve 404 to be at an open configuration. Additionalexamples are discussed above in reference to FIGS. 5 and 6, such aswhere pump 510 flows anolyte through electrodes 203, 204.

In step 704, a resume normal operation condition is determined in whichelectric potential is desired. In an example of step 704, controller 401detects an event (e.g., switch 411 is turned on by a user) and/or anormalized condition is detected (e.g., a normal pressure detected bypressure sensor 412; a normal voltage detected by voltmeter 413; anormal temperature detected by thermometer 414; or another indication ofnormal conditions).

FIG. 8 shows an embodiment of a flowing electrolyte battery withelectric potential neutralization 200(5) that includes a neutral fluidreservoir 801 in fluid communication with a pump 805 and valves 207,208. An electrically neutral fluid (e.g., an electrolyte with reactantremoved) may be contained in neutral fluid reservoir 801. In the case ofa zinc bromine flowing electrolyte battery, an example of anelectrically neutral fluid is electrolyte with bromine removed.

In normal operation, valve 208 only allows catholyte from catholytereservoir 202 through catholyte electrode 204, and valve 207 only allowselectrolyte passing through catholyte electrode 204 to enter catholytereservoir 202. In a neutralized mode, however, valve 208 only allowsneutral fluid from neutral fluid reservoir 801 through catholyteelectrode 204, and valve 207 only allows electrolyte passing throughcatholyte electrode 204 to enter neutral fluid reservoir 801. Battery200(5) is thus neutralized (“turned off”) chemically when in theneutralized mode. Valves 207 and 208 are shown in the neutralized modein FIG. 8.

Provided that there is no break in piping 210 and pumps 205, 206 arefunctional, the electric potential of battery 200(5) returns when valves207 and 208 are returned to the normal position (i.e., so that catholyteflows through electrode 204). In other words, the electrical potentialof battery 200(5) may be brought to zero without removing the charge,and original electric potential may be restored with no appreciable lossof stored energy.

FIG. 9 shows an embodiment of a flowing electrolyte battery withelectric potential neutralization 200(6) that includes a valve 901 thatselectively allows electrolyte flowing out of electrode 204 to re-enterelectrode 204 without first returning to catholyte reservoir 202. Thisallows reactants in the electrolyte to be used up (or to become“electrically neutral”) with no appreciable loss of energy, since thereactants are not replenished. In this way, electrode 204 and battery200(6) become electrically neutral in a short period of time without anappreciable loss of stored energy.

FIG. 10 shows a process 1000 of selectively neutralizing a flowingelectrolyte battery chemically and subsequently restoring its electricpotential. In step 1001, anolyte and catholyte are flowed through anelectrolyte battery to produce electricity. In an example of step 1001,pumps 205, 206 pump anolyte and catholyte through electrodes 203, 204,as shown in FIG. 8. In step 1002, a neutralization condition isdetermined. In an example of step 1002, as discussed in reference toFIG. 4, controller 401 detects an event (e.g., switch 411 is turned offby a user) and/or an abnormal condition (e.g., an abnormal pressuredetected by pressure sensor 412; an abnormal voltage detected byvoltmeter 413; an abnormal temperature detected by thermometer 414;and/or an indication of a leak by leak detector 415).

In step 1003, only anolyte and an electrically neutral fluid is flowedthrough the battery to neutralize the battery's electric potential. Inan example of step 1003, valves 207, 208 and pump 805 cooperate tointroduce only electrically neutral fluid through electrode 204, asshown in FIG. 8. An additional example is discussed above in referenceto FIG. 9, such as where valve 901 causes electrolyte flowing out ofelectrode 204 to re-enter electrode 204 without first returning tocatholyte reservoir 202.

In step 1004, a resume normal operation condition is determined in whichelectric potential is desired. In an example of step 1004, controller401 detects an event (e.g., switch 411 is turned on by a user) and/or anormalized condition is detected (e.g., a normal pressure detected bypressure sensor 412; a normal voltage detected by voltmeter 413; anormal temperature detected by thermometer 414; or another indication ofnormal conditions).

Those skilled in the art appreciate that variations from the specifiedembodiments disclosed above are contemplated herein and that anydescribed test results are not limiting. The description should not berestricted to the above embodiments or test results, but should bemeasured by the following claims.

1. A flowing electrolyte battery, comprising: first and secondelectrodes separated by a membrane; and at least one flow valve in fluidcommunication with the second electrode; the battery including a normaloperating mode and a neutralized operating mode, the neutralizedoperating mode triggered in response to a detected neutralization event;wherein anolyte flows through the first electrode during both the normaland the neutralized operating modes; wherein in the normal operatingmode, the at least one flow valve structurally allows catholyte to flowthrough the second electrode while preventing anolyte from flowingthrough the second electrode; wherein in the neutralized operating mode,the at least one flow valve structurally allows anolyte to flow throughthe second electrode while preventing catholyte from flowing through thesecond electrode; wherein the neutralization event is selected from thegroup consisting of abnormal battery voltage, abnormal batterytemperature, abnormal battery pressure, battery leakage, a period ofnon-use of the battery, and a fire in an environment outside of thebattery; and wherein the battery further comprises one or more sensorsin data communication with a controller for detecting an abnormalcondition representing the detected neutralization event.
 2. The batteryof claim 1, further comprising a pump in fluid communication with the atleast one flow valve to force catholyte from a catholyte reservoir tothe second electrode during the normal operating mode.
 3. The battery ofclaim 1, further comprising a pump in fluid communication with the firstelectrode and the at least one flow valve, the pump forcing anolyte froman anolyte reservoir to the first electrode during the normal operatingmode, the pump forcing anolyte from the anolyte reservoir to the firstand second electrodes during the neutralized operating mode.
 4. Thebattery of claim 1, further comprising: an anolyte reservoir for housingthe anolyte; a first pump in fluid communication with the anolytereservoir, the first electrode, and the at least one flow valve, thefirst pump forcing anolyte from the anolyte reservoir to the firstelectrode during the normal operating mode, the first pump forcinganolyte from the anolyte reservoir to the first and second electrodesduring the neutralized operating mode; a catholyte reservoir for housingthe catholyte; a second pump in fluid communication with the catholytereservoir and the at least one flow valve, the second pump forcingcatholyte from the catholyte reservoir to the second electrode duringthe normal operating mode; and piping for connecting the first electrodeto the anolyte reservoir such that the anolyte flows from the firstelectrode to the anolyte reservoir, the piping connecting the secondelectrode to the catholyte reservoir such that the catholyte flows fromthe second electrode to the catholyte reservoir, and the pipingconnecting the second electrode to the anolyte reservoir such thatanolyte that has flowed through the second electrode continues to flowto the anolyte reservoir.
 5. The battery of claim 1, wherein the atleast one flow valve comprises: a controller in data communication withan interface conditioner; first and second flow valves; and first andsecond actuators in data communication with the interface conditioner,the first actuator controlling said first flow valve for selectivelyallowing the anolyte to reach the second electrode, the second actuatorcontrolling said second flow valve for selectively allowing thecatholyte to reach the second electrode.
 6. The battery of claim 5,wherein the interface conditioner communicates with the first and secondactuators by supplying the first and second actuators with electricalsignals.
 7. The battery of claim 1, further comprising a user-activatedswitch in communication with a controller allowing a user to initiatethe detected neutralization event.
 8. The battery of claim 1, wherein:the at least one flow valve comprises a first and a second flow valve;the first flow valve selectively permits the flow of one of anolyte andcatholyte to the second electrode; and the second flow valve selectivelypermits the flow of fluid from the second electrode to one of an anolytereservoir and a catholyte reservoir.
 9. The battery of claim 1, whereinthe at least one flow valve is a single valve in fluid communicationwith an inlet to the second electrode.
 10. The battery of claim 1,wherein: the at least one flow valve is a single pair of three wayvalves; a first of the single pair of three way valves is in fluidcommunication with an inlet to the second electrode; and a second of thesingle pair of three way valves is in fluid communication with an outletfrom the second electrode.